The Engines of Privatization: Investment Funds and Fund Legislation in Privatizing Economies

The mass privatization programs of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have been designed as the centerpieces of the momentous transformation of the region\u27s command economies to principles of market forces. The programs are designed to distribute shares in thousands of state-owned enterprises amongst hundreds of millions of citizens for free or for nominal payment, thereby creating a revolutionary class of citizen-shareholders with a strong stake in the privatization process. From the inception of the first wave of large-scale privatization in Czechoslovakia, investment funds\u27 have played a central role in the successes and failures of the varying mass privatization programs of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. This article presents the major issues and policy options to be considered in preparing investment fund legislation for privatizing economies. The conclusions drawn herein are based upon the experience of government officials, World Bank representatives and the author and other attorneys of the law firm of White & Case gained in connection with the establishment of investment fund legislation in the Czech and Slovak Republics, Russia, Poland, Armenia, Lithuania and Kazakhstan

The Engines of Privatization: Investment Funds and Fund Legislation in Privatizing Economies

The mass privatization programs of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have been designed as the centerpieces of the momentous transformation of the region\u27s command economies to principles of market forces. The programs are designed to distribute shares in thousands of state-owned enterprises amongst hundreds of millions of citizens for free or for nominal payment, thereby creating a revolutionary class of citizen-shareholders with a strong stake in the privatization process. From the inception of the first wave of large-scale privatization in Czechoslovakia, investment funds\u27 have played a central role in the successes and failures of the varying mass privatization programs of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. This article presents the major issues and policy options to be considered in preparing investment fund legislation for privatizing economies. The conclusions drawn herein are based upon the experience of government officials, World Bank representatives and the author and other attorneys of the law firm of White & Case gained in connection with the establishment of investment fund legislation in the Czech and Slovak Republics, Russia, Poland, Armenia, Lithuania and Kazakhstan

An assessment of the risk arising from electrical effects associated with carbon fibers released from commercial aircraft fires

The risks associated with electrical effects arising from carbon fibers released from commercial aviation aircraft fires were estimated for 1993. The expected annual losses were estimated to be about $470 (1977 dollars) in 1993. The chances of total losses from electrical effects exceeding$100,000 (1977 dollars) in 1993 were established to be about one in ten thousand

Mice with low levels of Shc proteins display reduced glycolytic and increased gluconeogenic activities in liver.

Shc proteins play a role in energy metabolism through interaction with the insulin receptor. The aim of this study was to determine whether Shc proteins influence liver glycolysis and gluconeogenesis under both fed and fasted states. Decreased glycolytic and increased gluconeogenic and transamination enzyme activities were observed in ShcKO versus WT mice. Levels of key regulatory metabolites, such as fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, matched the activity of metabolic pathways. Protein levels of glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes were not different. pAMPK protein levels increased with fasting and were higher in ShcKO versus WT mice. Therefore, Shc proteins play a role in shifting the metabolism from glucose oxidation to gluconeogenesis and lipid catabolism and should be considered as regulators of fuel selection. Fuel selection and utilization could play a critical role in healthy aging. Characterization of metabolic events in ShcKO mice would help to elucidate how metabolism is influenced by these proteins

Effects of Shear, Defocus, and Wavefront Error on the Theoretical Performance of the Composite Infrared Spectrometer for Cassini

The combined effects on performance of shear between the two arms, defocus of die detector, and difference in wavefront between the two arms of a Fourier transform spectrometer using cube corner retroreflectors were investigated. Performance was characterized by the amplitude of the fringe signals coming from a detector as the path-length difference was scanned. A closed-form expression was found for the combined effects of shear and defocus, and it was found that defocus had no effect in the absence of shear. The effect of wavefront error was modeled numerically and assumed to be independent of shear and defocus. Results were compared with measurements made on the breadboard and engineering model of the Composite Infrared Spectrometer for the Cassini mission to Saturn, and good agreement was found

Genetic regulation of mouse liver metabolite levels.

We profiled and analyzed 283 metabolites representing eight major classes of molecules including Lipids, Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, Peptides, Xenobiotics, Vitamins and Cofactors, Energy Metabolism, and Nucleotides in mouse liver of 104 inbred and recombinant inbred strains. We find that metabolites exhibit a wide range of variation, as has been previously observed with metabolites in blood serum. Using genome-wide association analysis, we mapped 40% of the quantified metabolites to at least one locus in the genome and for 75% of the loci mapped we identified at least one candidate gene by local expression QTL analysis of the transcripts. Moreover, we validated 2 of 3 of the significant loci examined by adenoviral overexpression of the genes in mice. In our GWAS results, we find that at significant loci the peak markers explained on average between 20 and 40% of variation in the metabolites. Moreover, 39% of loci found to be regulating liver metabolites in mice were also found in human GWAS results for serum metabolites, providing support for similarity in genetic regulation of metabolites between mice and human. We also integrated the metabolomic data with transcriptomic and clinical phenotypic data to evaluate the extent of co-variation across various biological scales

Impedance Matched to Vacuum, Invisible Edge, Diffraction Suppressed Mirror

Diffraction suppressed mirrors having an invisible edge are disclosed for incident light at both targeted wavelengths and broadband incident light. The mirrors have a first having at least one discontiguous portion having a plurality of nanostructured apertures. The discontiguous mirror portion impedance matches a relatively high impedance portion of the mirror to a relatively low impedance portion of the mirror, thereby reducing the diffraction edge effect otherwise present in a conventional mirror

CIRS-lite, a Fourier Transform Spectrometer for Low-Cost Planetary Missions

Passive spectroscopic remote sensing of planetary atmospheres and surfaces in the thermal infrared is a powerful tool for obtaining information about surface and atmospheric temperatures, composition, and dynamics (via the thermal wind equation). Due to its broad spectral coverage, the Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) is particularly suited to the exploration and discovery of molecular species. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) developed the CIRS (Composite Infrared Spectrometer) FTS for the NASA/ESA Cassini mission to the Saturnian system. CIRS observes Saturn, Titan, icy moons such as Enceladus, and the rings in thermal self-emission over the spectral range of 7 to 1000 ell11. CIRS has given us important new insights into stratospheric composition and jets on Jupiter and Saturn, the cryo-geyser and thermal stripes on Enceladus, and the winter polar vortex on Titan. CIRS has a mass of 43 kg, contrasted with the earlier GSFC FTS, pre-Voyager IRIS (14 kg). Future low-cost planetary missions will have very tight constraints on science payload mass, thus we must endeavor to return to IRIS-level mass while maintaining CIRS-level science capabilities ("do more with less"). CIRS-lite achieves this by pursuing: a) more sensitive infrared detectors (high Tc superconductor) to enable smaller optics. b) changed long wavelength limit from 1000 to 300 microns to reduce diffraction by smaller optics. c) CVD (chemical vapor deposition) diamond beam-splitter for broad spectral coverage. d) single FTS architecture instead of a dual FTS architecture. e) novel materials, such as single crystal silicon for the input telescope primary

Increasing compliance with wearing a medical device in children with autism

Health professionals often recommend the use of medical devices to assess the health, monitor the well-being, or improve the quality of life of their patients. Children with autism may present challenges in these situations as their sensory peculiarities may increase refusals to wear such devices. To address this issue, we systematically replicated prior research by examining the effects of differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) to increase compliance with wearing a heart rate monitor in 2 children with autism. The intervention increased compliance to 100% for both participants when an edible reinforcer was delivered every 90 s. The results indicate that DRO does not require the implementation of extinction to increase compliance with wearing a medical device. More research is needed to examine whether the reinforcement schedule can be further thinned